(Alvarez et al.
"Kultur und Politik in Sozialen Bewegungen Lateinamerikas", in: Olaf Kaltmeier, Jens Kastner, Elisabeth Tuider (Eds. - Indigenous peoples had already existing forms of political, Practices that take place in coordination with, or formally sanctioned by, the colonial power. Political scientists have paid insufficient attention to Argentina (exception, Van Cott 2005), Chile (exceptions, Rice 2006, Haughney 2006), Brazil (exception, Brysk 2000), and Paraguay. Brysk (2000, p.x) reflects on the ambivalence of pursuing scholarship as a “low-grade ‘participant observer,’” a posture she adopted owing to the need for an organizational affiliation that provided intimate and extended access to research subjects as well as to her personal commitment to use scholarship “to reveal options for empowerment.”5 A commitment to participatory research, in which subjects help to define the goals of research and research serves the communities studied, is a predominant norm among anthropologists and among political scientists rooting their work in the anthropological literature. 2009. Vol. 2011). Whereas ethnographic and interpretive approaches reveal how indigenous identities are constructed and mobilized politically, quantitative institutionalists and survey researchers take ethnic identity as a given, objective fact that is used to explain general tendencies with respect to political behavior and attitudes. She legitimated the topic of indigenous politics in the face of persistent skepticism about the political relevance of ethnic identity in the region, inspired a new generation of scholars to study indigenous politics, and brought indigenous movements to the attention of ethnic-politics scholars of other regions. Pachakutik in 1996 gained office at the local and national levels and in 2002 helped elect the country's president in a brief alliance with a populist-personalist party. Jens Hainmueller and Daniel J. HopkinsVol. Political scientists have been less interested in the political implications of developments in international law protecting the rights of indigenous peoples, a topic that legal scholars and anthropologists have given greater attention. 2004. - cultural distinctiveness, recognition of an Indigenous right to land and self-government, recognition of the right to benefit from the development of Indigenous territories and resources, and so on. -

Indigenous politics in Latin America often is characterized by authoritarian practices, sexism, violence, internal divisions, and a tendency for leaders to lapse into the practices of the traditional politicians they replaced. Indigenous movements responded by challenging the authority and design of state institutions and the norms underpinning them. To reach out for supranational political institutions, indigenous movements began to organize beyond the nation states.

The first two countries to constitutionally recognize indigenous peoples' rights in significant ways were Colombia (1991) and Bolivia (1994–1996). It also reflects broader ideological and methodological divides within political science. Where reelection is allowed, mayors are better able to institutionalize innovative participatory decision-making experiences, which otherwise are remembered as innovations of particular individuals. 380, Annual Review of Anthropology Soziale Bewegungen und politischer Protest in der Geschichte Lateinamerikas.

The approximately 51 million indigenous Latin Americans comprise around 11% of the region's total population, with wide variation among states and regions within them. 2001; Brysk 2000; Jackson & Warren 2005, p.552; Sieder 2002, 2007; Van Cott 2000a, 2006b; Yashar 1999). A major exception is the work of Juliet Hooker, who uses the historical analysis of dominant discourses and ideas to examine changes in the framing and recognition of indigenous and Afro–Latin American identities and rights. 393 The latter had broken from the tutelage of leftist political parties in the 1990s and formed their own successful electoral vehicles. We need more critical assessments of indigenous governance within social-movement organizations, within political parties, and as elected and appointed government officials. endstream endobj 425 0 obj [ /ICCBased 437 0 R ] endobj 426 0 obj /DeviceGray endobj 427 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 428 0 R >> stream Critical work may lead to the refusal of access to documents, permission to attend events, or interviews. trailer << /Size 442 /Info 406 0 R /Root 412 0 R /Prev 197428 /ID[<377972a2eb09933861c9ee70842e4b13><2ad54f34c166c44058c22cd35d921934>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 412 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 409 0 R /Metadata 407 0 R /OpenAction [ 414 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseNone /PageLabels 405 0 R /StructTreeRoot 413 0 R /PieceInfo << /MarkedPDF << /LastModified (D:20050518104440)>> >> /LastModified (D:20050518104440) /MarkInfo << /Marked true /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> >> endobj 413 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /ClassMap 92 0 R /RoleMap 91 0 R /K 285 0 R /ParentTree 334 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 15 >> endobj 440 0 obj << /S 340 /L 426 /C 442 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 441 0 R >> stream 255 indigenous peoples still face fundamental challenges today. 2001. 42: The political incorporation of indigenous peoples in the 1990s is a significant achievement in a region where this group had been the most excluded and disadvantaged for centuries. The emergence of indigenous parties also stimulated volatility by motivating indigenous voters to switch to the new indigenous alternatives. 0000049439 00000 n Indigenous movements have been crucial to articulating not only indigenous, but also popular protest. A case in point: the Government of Botswana, home of over half of all the San peoples of Africa, refused to participate in the 1993–2003 UN Decade of the Indigenous People, on the grounds that in their country everyone was indigenous (Mogwe, 1992). In Ecuador and Colombia, Afro-descendant constitutional rights are similar but weaker versions of indigenous-rights models. ¹ The demographic data of the years from 2000-2003 in Latin American countries is based on different censuses and estimations. Instead, social movements redefine what can be considered as political, so that further excluded aspects can be politicized. Vol. 104, Annual Review of Political Science Vol. of truly multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and pluri-cultural societies. Analyze the current state of the incorporation of indigenous peoples into This finding contradicts Madrid's (2005b) research, which is based on different measures. They would like democracy to be inclusive, representative and This explains the provision of reserved seats for indigenous representatives in Colombia and Venezuela. This is certainly the case with the indigenous uprising in Chiapas, Mexico, led by the EZLN in 1994. I also give greater attention to works published in English.

and that it is for the people. 0000100815 00000 n ): Indigenous People and Poverty in Latin America, World Bank, Washington 1994 and Valenzuela, Rodrigo: Situación de los Pueblos Indígenas en Chile. 10: "[1], New Zealander scholar Jeffrey Sissons has criticized what he calls "eco-indigenism" on the part of international forums such as the Working Group on Indigenous Peoples, which he claims enforces a link between indigenous peoples and traditional economies, and also confuses the issues faced by New World indigenous, who are mostly urban dwellers and live in states dominated by people descendant from their colonizers, and by ethnic minorities in Asia and Africa who are more likely to live "close to the land" and live in states where the colonizers have long since left (though they may still face persecution from the post-colonial successor state). Indigenous Movements ← Back to contents To understand the new visibility of the indigenous, an approach of identity politics is helpful that conceptualizes identity not as an "essence" but as an "positioning". Even though it originated from SPI (Service of Protection of Indians), which was a military organ of colonization, dedicated to clearing up areas for white settlers, sometimes with very condemnable work approaches, others more noble, such as envisioned by Marechal Cândido Rondon, the SPI started incorporating indigenous communities as labour-force, contacting every isolated group on the way, with the goal of occupying the "barren lands" of Brazil, building roads, telegraph lines, and infrastructure in general. Indígena / Indian / Native is a multi-ethnic category that allows a broad range of self-ascriptions and ascriptions by others.

http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=691261, Reflections on Ethnographic Work in Political Science, Electoral Laws, Parties, and Party Systems in Latin America, Risks of Citizenship and Fault Lines of Survival, Ethnographic Research on Modern Business Corporations, RIGHTEOUS OIL? The recent batch of surveys incorporates more sophisticated measures of ethnic identity than those used in the past and, thus, it enables political scientists to tease out the distinct attitudes of major racial and ethnic groups (available at http://sitemason.vanderbilt.EDU/lapop).
tradition and interest of CLAS faculty and students in issues of democratic governance in Latin 13: Prior opinion surveys had tended to cover urban areas and upper-income groups, which reduced their ability to gauge indigenous citizens' opinions of democracy and other political phenomena. But the authors can't explain why Quechua Indians would have stronger feelings of identification than Aymara Indians, who are similarly situated in relation to the state. Parallel to the growing influence of socialist and communist wings the indigenismo emerged, initially in an inter-American context at the beginning of the 20th century in Mexico. For example, Birnir (2007) and Gisselquist (2007) compare Latin American indigenous political parties and ethnic parties in Europe and Africa, respectively.