[46][47], The Big Bang theory developed from observations of the structure of the universe and from theoretical considerations. This defines a future horizon, which limits the events in the future that we will be able to influence. Other ground and balloon-based cosmic microwave background experiments are ongoing. Edwin Hubble confirmed through analysis of galactic redshifts in 1929 that galaxies are indeed drifting apart; this is important observational evidence for an expanding universe. Conversely, because space is expanding, and more distant objects are receding ever more quickly, light emitted by us today may never "catch up" to very distant objects. [26][27] The Planck epoch was succeeded by the grand unification epoch beginning at 10−43 seconds, where gravitation separated from the other forces as the universe's temperature fell. As a description of the origin of the universe, the Big Bang has significant bearing on religion and philosophy. [126] Moreover, if protons are unstable, then baryonic matter would disappear, leaving only radiation and black holes. The Big Bang theorists are cherry picking the evidence. During inflation, the universe undergoes exponential expansion, and the particle horizon expands much more rapidly than previously assumed, so that regions presently on opposite sides of the observable universe are well inside each other's particle horizon. This exponential growth spurt — called cosmic inflation — was short-lived, however, lasting just a tiny fraction of a second because the repulsive material quickly decayed, leaving behind the more familiar forms of matter and energy that … Others were fast enough to reach thermalisation. v Most of the gravitational potential in the universe seems to be in this form, and the Big Bang theory and various observations indicate that this excess gravitational potential is not created by baryonic matter, such as normal atoms. Usually, at least the first few minutes (during which helium is synthesized) are said to occur "during the Big Bang". [39] In an "extended model" which includes hot dark matter in the form of neutrinos,[40] then if the "physical baryon density" [7], Independently deriving Friedmann's equations in 1927, Georges Lemaître, a Belgian physicist and Roman Catholic priest, proposed that the inferred recession of the nebulae was due to the expansion of the universe. The universe is a very big place, and it’s been around for a very long time. D These fluctuations served as the seeds for all the current structures in the universe. [128], One of the common misconceptions about the Big Bang model is that it fully explains the origin of the universe. D [93]:191–202, A resolution to this apparent inconsistency is offered by inflationary theory in which a homogeneous and isotropic scalar energy field dominates the universe at some very early period (before baryogenesis). Well, we now know that the universe is 13,800,000,000 years old—that’s 13.8 billion. {\displaystyle {\ce {^4He}}} Even the very concept of a particle breaks down in these conditions. Hubble's law describes velocity that results from expansion of space, rather than through space. The big bang has many scientificproblems. However, the physical theories of general relativity and quantum mechanics as currently realized are not applicable before the Planck epoch, and correcting this will require the development of a correct treatment of quantum gravity. The age of the universe as estimated from the Hubble expansion and the CMB is now in good agreement with other estimates using the ages of the oldest stars, both as measured by applying the theory of stellar evolution to globular clusters and through radiometric dating of individual Population II stars. [29][33] After about 10−11 seconds, the picture becomes less speculative, since particle energies drop to values that can be attained in particle accelerators. The presence of either type of horizon depends on the details of the FLRW model that describes our universe. This problem is resolved by cosmic inflation, which removes all point defects from the observable universe, in the same way that it drives the geometry to flatness. The big-bang theory is the dominant theory of the origin of the universe. [64] The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced BBN[65] and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the CMB. These problemsare symptomatic of the underlyingincorrect worldview. [70] Meanwhile, during these decades, two questions in observational cosmology that generated much discussion and disagreement were over the precise values of the Hubble Constant[71] and the matter-density of the universe (before the discovery of dark energy, thought to be the key predictor for the eventual fate of the universe). That space is undergoing metric expansion is shown by direct observational evidence of the cosmological principle and the Copernican principle, which together with Hubble's law have no other explanation. [35], The measured abundances all agree at least roughly with those predicted from a single value of the baryon-to-photon ratio. Little before the beginning the horizon recedes in space, rather than through.! Favor Big Bang is not yet understood why the universe. [ 32 ] the... Starting point of infinite gravity and density called a singularity gravitational effects of an unknown dark matter predicts that that. 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